Benefits and Challenges Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Challenges Essay Utilizing your content and the article, Family Involvement in Early Childhood Education, give four instances of the advantages and difficulties of a Family-Centered Approach. Every one of the four models ought to incorporate the youngster, the family, and the teacher’s point of view. Advantages: The kid: One immense advantage is enthusiastic security. A few youngsters entering a youth program have partition uneasiness, they feel focused and overpowered when their folks leave them at school. In the event that the childs parent(s) are with them at school they can focus on learning and new revelations at school. The kid qualities and requirements are additionally better comprehended in the class with the family present. Kids likewise advantage by observing the family and educator interfacing with one another in a grown-up way by talking and once in a while having contradictions and settling their issues also. Kids see educators and guardians creating positive, sound connections. Demonstrating great conduct is the most ideal path for a kid to learn. The Family: It is solid for the family to be associated with their kids at school, for the youngster as well as for the family also. Families can feel alone at time on the off chance that they have no one around so the school can go about as another nuclear family. Families should be included and mindful of what their youngsters are realizing in school to check whether it gets together to their family needs and on the off chance that they are available they can see and hear what is being instructed. It is likewise critical to perceive how the youngster communicates with peers in an alternate setting as opposed to at home. Guardians can gain from the educator a superior part of what the instructor is doing with the kid during the day. The Teacher: The instructor can more readily suit the kid on the off chance that he/she has a superior comprehension of the family life overall. Families can enable the educators to increase better systems and direction when working and watching diverse social foundations. Building up a solid association between the instructor and family will be advantageous to everybody. Guardians can learn new things about their youngsters by watching them with the educators. Difficulties: The Child: The kid may torn and overpowered when the instructor is building up their enthusiastic and social side when the guardians need the kid to learn consistently. On the off chance that the two guardians work or in the event that it is a solitary parent family unit, the youngster may glance around at different kids with their families and feel dismal that the he/she doesnt have his/her family. The educator and parent may not concur on showing techniques and meddle with the childs learning. The Family: The family may have various perspectives that can cause struggle with the educator. Now and again individuals simply don't get along and if so with the childs educator and family it might negatively affect the childs learning. The family might not have the opportunity to enable the kid to out at school as a result of work. The Teacher: An educator can without much of a stretch adjudicator a family, they should be extremely mindful of this and stop it before it occurs. Instructors can be progressively learned with their kids and make the families mindful of this and this may insult a portion of the families. It is hard for the educator to know each social foundation of the understudies. The educator may get a great deal of misery and differences if the family doesn't favor of the instructing strategy.

John’s Termination Essay

This paper is about Mr. John who has been ended by his chief and the explanation for this end was the inadmissible standard of work that he did. This was truly amazing for John as nobody had ever questioned about the work he did thus he was shocked when he came to think about the end. Be that as it may, it was not so much the deficiency of John as he had never been amended because of which he didn't think about his slip-ups. It is consistently shrewd for the administration to select certain means before the end and considerably after the end as it can have unfavorable effects on different representatives working in the association. Before ending John, it was the obligation of the administration to educate and to caution him about his presentation at function as it isn't moral to end him along these lines. Since the time a worker is recruited, it is the duty of the human asset division of an association to care for the representatives. Right off the bat, they should direct a compelling enrollment procedure and securitizing of representatives ought to be done cautiously so the worker can meet the desires for the activity. When the worker is recruited, appropriate preparing must be given, anyway still if any representative isn't competent he should initially be cautioned and ought to be inquired as to whether he doesn't show any advance, he should be moved to some other division or must be given some other activity that suits his capability and experience as end ought to consistently be the last choice for the administration to decide on. The explanation for this is end consistently leaves a negative effect not simply on the representative who has been fired however on the current workers just as they would expect that even they can likewise be ended in future. (Leat, 2001).

Can I Send Supporting Documents to be Included with my Application COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Can I Send Supporting Documents to be Included with my Application COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Some applicants have contacted our office and asked how they may submit supplementary materials with their application.   At SIPA we only include the materials we ask for on the application site when we forward a file to the Admissions Committee.   We therefore do not accept supplementary materials such as writing samples from applicants.   There are two main reasons for this. First, we wish to be fair to all applicants.   To use a common expression, the Committee wishes to “compare apples to apples.”   If we allowed one applicant to include supplemental materials it would not be fair to the rest of the applicant pool.   In evaluating applicants it is important that each applicant be judged upon the same criteria. Second, the Committee must read several thousand applications in approximately a six week period and we are confident that we can do so based upon the current materials we require from applicants.   Although an applicant may wish to include a writing sample or a copy of a thesis completed at the undergraduate level, perhaps copies of certificates earned, or achievements noted in publications of some sort, the Committee simply would not have the time to read and/or review such materials. While the Committee does not allow for the submission of supplementary materials, there is a way for applicants to inform the Committee of personal achievements.   Instead of sending in full copies of supplemental materials to note personal achievements, applicants may include such information in the résumé/CV. At SIPA we are not concerned with the length of your résumé/CV.   This document may be as long as you believe is necessary to summarize your qualifications for our program.   Applicants should also not feel pressure to conform to typical résumé/CV standards that might be associated with applying for a job.   When applying for a job it is common to limit your résumé to a page or two â€" but when applying for graduate school the process is different and the typical résumé we review is three to four pages in length. The résumé/CV may include whatever information you feel is important to informing the Committee of your qualifications as well as circumstances that may have impacted your academic or professional record.   For example, let us say that an applicant suffered a serious illness while completing their undergraduate degree and dealing with the illness impacted academic performance.   This is something that could be noted in the résumé/CV in a section labeled “Miscellaneous Academic Information.” Or perhaps an applicant is particularly proud of their undergraduate thesis maybe the applicant won an award or was invited to a conference to present their thesis.   While we will not accept a thesis to forward to the Committee for evaluation, an applicant would be welcome to briefly summarize their thesis and any associated awards or recognition in the résumé/CV. So while the application process at SIPA does not allow applicants to submit supplemental materials, you may exercise discretion by including information that you feel is pertinent for the Committee to be aware of in the required résumé/CV.

The Berlin Wall in the History of Germany Free Essay Example, 5250 words

The chancellor of West Germany, Konrad Adenauer urged restraint and calm and in a broadcast marked that even though they had been forcibly blocked from the Germans of the East Berlin, they continue to be our brethren and the Federal Government still held German unity central to its agenda. Protests from the international community emerged as a result of this inconclusive and abrupt decision to block one side of the city from the other. A foreign office spokesman from London called the restrictions a violation of the four-tier power status of Berlin and hence illegal. The then American secretary of state, Dean Rusk, deemed the impasse a flagrant violation of East-West Agreements and warned of protests demonstrations in Russia too. Generally speaking, the reaction of the allies was not as intense and largely moderate. This was because despite the blockade American policy fit the bill with regards to Berlin. The NATO troops were not disrupted and Berlin continued to be freely accessib le. Post 23rd August of 1961, inhabitants of West Berlin weren t allowed to enter East Berlin either and this was followed by complete cum forced evacuation of houses on the borders of West Berlin began. We will write a custom essay sample on The Berlin Wall in the History of Germany or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page A concrete tube lay on top of the wall and enveloped the entire structure. Anyone found in that part of the layout would be shot dead without any prior warning. The wall was constructed after a lot of insight and in-depth planning. A trench was built that immediately followed and it aimed at obstructing the path of vehicles that dared to break in. other precautionary measures included a patrolling truck at all times, watchdogs across the corridors and even a second wall.

Were The Gracchi Demagogues Or Heroes - 1588 Words

Were the Gracchi demagogues or heroes? This essay will attempt to explain the motives that have led to the rise and fall of the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus in the late second century B.C. Although very few sources remain of these accounts, which are based mainly on works of the historians Appian and Plutarch, the Gracchi have been the subject of study by several scholars. If on the one hand earlier historians tend to represent them as heroes and revolutionaries, on the other, more recent ones have regarded them as two controversial figures which were politically motivated by personal gains. They proposed and passed a series of legislations and the most controversial one is the agrarian law about the redistribution of the land. It can be argued that their motives have been certainly and thoroughly selfless for the good of the people of Rome in the specific period of history which spans from 133 B.C to 121 B.C. On the contrary, as it will be explained below, their methods have not always been ‘orthodoxâ€℠¢. There could be three main areas that will help this essay to conclude if they were truly heroes of the people or political opportunists; the first is to evaluate what their true motives were, the second is to assess if there was an agrarian crisis and the third to establish who the beneficiaries of their legislations were. Overall, as all political figures, the Gracchi have to be taken in the context of the specific roman society of their time. Appian of Alexandria

Machiavelli in Relation to Macbeth Free Essays

Throughout history many have oversimplified and extorted Machiavellian idea s about power and adhering in an attempt to create empires and rule almost always at the expo ensue of the people they rule. Throughout the play Macbeth exhibits the ambition of a Machiavellian chart term, but often lacks the the form or any kind of rigidity that would land him firmly ammo nag Machiavellian clear cut classifications for power figures. Still it is clear based on the plot and details of Macbeth that Shakespeare was influenced by Machiavelli in writing his famous s â€Å"Scottish play†. We will write a custom essay sample on Machiavelli in Relation to Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now As we read Macbeth we see the story of a man, Macbeth, filled with ambition who even begins the story in a mindset similar to that of a Machiavellian prince. In his most famous work Machiavelli cites a man named Stagecoaches â€Å"Stagecoaches, the Sicilian, became King of Syracuse, not only from a private position but from a low and abject one. This man, the son of a potter, through all the changes in his fortunes, always led an infamous life, nevertheless, he accompany ended his Wassermann 2 infamies with such great ability of mind and body, that, having devoting whims elf to the military profession, he rose through its ranks to be Praetor of Syracuse. (Mac heavily 4950) Macbeth is a ruler of what Machiavelli would have called a principality obtained through wickedness† (Machiavelli 49) Machiavelli belie Veda that â€Å"All states, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been an d are either republics or principalities. Principalities are either hereditary, i n which the family has been long establish deed; or they are new. The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sports, or they are it were, members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acacia red them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain. Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, o to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms Of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability. † (Machiavelli 1) Under Machiavellian classifications, Macbeth is a grey area. His principality coo old potentially be considered hereditary because, although he had to murder Du NCAA he did technically inherit the throne, although, Macbeth is not a relative of Duncan s o the principality could be considered new. In her Tyranny in Shakespeare, Mary Ann McGill w rites that â€Å"[Macbeth] asks what is a tyrant? Or, what does a tyrant do that sets him apart from others Of great political ambition? † (McGill 21) Wassermann 3 When Machiavelli discusses â€Å"principalities obtained by arms† (Machiavelli 30) he states that â€Å"states which rise rapidly, like all other things that arise and grow rapidly in an true, cannot leave† This would lead one to believe that Macbeth is not Machiavellian in nature. Pee reaps not overall, yet Machete’s reign of Scotland does still exhibit Machiavellian properties. For example where Machiavelli says: â€Å"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be fear d than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is t o be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer y their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. How to cite Machiavelli in Relation to Macbeth, Papers

Role of Revenue Recognition in Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Revenue Recognition in Performance. Answer: Introduction Woodside Petroleum is the major player in the production of gas and oil in Australia and the biggest autonomous devoted gas and oil company of Australia. The company is headquartered in Perth but has an international presence through its recognition of world-class abilities as a developer, an explorer, supplier, and a producer. Furthermore, the companys mission is to offer superior returns to shareholders through realizing its vision of becoming an international leader in upstream gas and oil. Further, the company is also the most experienced operator of LNG and biggest gas and oil company. Woodside Petroleum has also proved its credentials to the business world and there was a time when it was criticized for few reasons (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). Since every single company has their own strategy and outcomes, similarly Woodside also has the features that have assisted it in building itself a brand image. Based on the functioning of Woodside Petroleum, it can be observed that oil and gas industry is prone to various fluctuations and risks that pose a major threat to the overall operations of the company. The company manages its strategies on three ideologies that are enhancing the importance of their core resources, increasing their abilities, and developing their portfolio (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). Further, the company has a powerful foothold in the gas and oil industry with a reliable manufacture base, special capabilities, and physically powerful interconnections to generate excellent projects. Moreover, the values, missions, and vision of the company are the prime features that play a key role in offering a competitive edge to it. Benefitting the company with a significant generation of revenue together with the provision of equivalent importance to the stakeholders are its most vital assets that are establishing a resonant prevalence in the segment of oil and gas industry. Moreover, vision is something that encourages the operations of the company and that ranges betwixt different companies producing different outcomes (Petersen Plenborg, 2012). Nevertheless, the strategic management of Woodside Petroleum has the vision to be a global leader in such industry and organizational values are of sufficient level within its framework. Besides, the companys management entrusts faith in various values that are relevant for an organization in the long-run duration with comprehensive success under the belt (Laux, 2014). In addition, the management of Woodside believes in managing a transparent business with enhancement of fulfillment of a commitment that they intend to provide to the people and to the business world r espectively. Nonetheless, the companys management gives undue importance to core values of organizational behavior that are sustenance, admiration, truthfulness, brilliance, and discipline (Parrino et. al, 2012). Apart from all significant values of the company, the themes that are functioning as a driving force to the vision of Woodside are of supreme significance. The companys prime distinctive feature is the maximization of production based on its enhanced abilities to increase the revenues and that has regularly allowed it to emerge as the top performer. Woodside Petroleum has a proven accomplishment record in the process, structure, and plan of excellent FPSO operations, subsea skill, seismic procurement, LNG plants, processing, and underwater drilling (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). The establishment of distant affairs from the Pluto Support Centre in Perth is very beneficial in minimizing the working costs and enhancement of preservation results. Further, the reason why Woodside has been effective in attaining a competitive advantage over other market participants can be attributed to the fact that it has a powerful relationship with its stakeholders and a strong base of the asset (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). Another strategic management practice implemented by the company is its adoption of innovative technologies in its various operations like floating LNG, near shore liquefaction technologies, etc. In addition to this, the company also prioritizes on enhancing its petroleum provinces by focusing on the present segments of Atlantic margins, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia respectively. All these strategic management practices allow in fulfillment of organizational objectives and these are aligned with five core values of the company that are respect, sustain ability, working collectively, integrity, disciple and excellence (Peirson et. al, 2015). Overall, the strategic management practices implemented within the companys framework has assisted it in remaining sustainable in the business and attain competitive advantage through investments in RD (research and development) for bringing innovation in relation to products and services and technologies to remain competitive in the market. Moreover, it also uses artificial intelligence and advanced analytics in its affairs that results in enhancing its productivity and removing the occurrence of human errors in the operation (Needles Powers, 2013). Through such strategic management practices, Woodside has also planned to enter new markets like Ireland and New Zealand through leveraging abilities of deep water. Overall, this assists in enhancing the companys profitability (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). Framework of strategic management In relation to such theory, the objective of Woodside Petroleum is clearly associated to the formulation of various strategies. The strategic management practices of the company assist it to attain a competitive advantage over others (Davies Crawford, 2012). Moreover, the bases on which goals of an organization are anticipated to be attained are established with the help of this strategy or approach. With the help of this approach, the nature of business decisions initiated by Woodside can also be considered for assessing whether they are relevant for the attainment of organizational objectives or not (Leo, 2011). From the previously mentioned analysis and discussion, it is observable that Woodside Petroleum has effectively followed a systematic approach within its framework and that has allowed it to sustain in the oil and gas industry amidst such enormous competition from others. Besides, the companys framework is well-defined in nature as the strategic management practices adopte d by it are in line with the organizational goals and objectives (Carmichael Graham, 2012). Overall, the companys strategy depends upon key values like integrity, sustainability, discipline, working together, respect, and excellence for the attainment of major organizational goals, thereby resulting in surpassing of competitors respectively (Choi Meek, 2011). The style of leadership undertaken by Woodside Petroleum is transformational leadership wherein a leader must operate together with other employees of the company in order to generate required changes in a proper manner. Furthermore, in relation to the company, it is observable that the company indulges its employees in the decision-making procedure by accounting their opinions and views (Deegan, 2011). This assists the employees to feel a belongingness feeling with the organization. Besides, this also plays a key role in enhancing the commitment level of such employees with the organization, thereby resulting in enhancing their level of performances and productivity respectively. In addition to this, the employees of Woodside Petroleum are always informed about any kind of changes that are needed to be brought in the companys policies and processes so that it assists in the adoption of required changes in the organization in an easier way. Resource-based view This type of strategic management theory is focused on the organizations distinctive competencies, whether potential or current that enables it to offer superior value in its offerings. Superior offerings are the only choice that can help the business to flourish. If the business wants to penetrate into the market, it needs to offer unique product and service to the customers. Besides, such offerings may be across industries, markets, or multiple kinds of customers. Further, such resource view intends to reflect that the internal resources of an organization and abilities are its best sources of competitive advantage over other organizations (Svejenova et. al, 2010). Moreover, an approach to strategy with such viewpoint seeks to develop or find distinctive competencies and funds, applying them to generate superior value. It is vital for the business to attain a strong position by dint of its competency (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). Nevertheless, to the extent such competencies can be k ept unique to the organization, these can be utilized to develop a competitive advantage. From the resource-based theory, it can be observed that Woodside Petroleum has been using such theory into its framework. This is the reason why the company has been spending huge resources towards innovative technologies for framing new and efficient means that can allow it to attain a competitive advantage over other companies (Merchant, 2012). It is observed by the practice of the company that it wants to create a niche for itself in the industry and attain a major chunk of market share. This is the sole reason why it is investing heavily in the technology. Nonetheless, this is why Woodside Petroleum has been investing huge amounts in research and development expenses that can assist it in creating value for shareholders together with managing the aggregate risks in an effective manner (Woodside Petroleum, 2016). In addition to this, through the utilization of such theory, Woodside Petroleum intends to enhance its petroleum provinces by focusing on present areas of Australia, Sub- Saharan Africa, and the Atlantic margins. Hence, the resource-based view is clearly associated with the strategic management practice of Woodside Petroleum, thereby paving a path for future developments. Conclusion In relation to strategic management practices, the same is considered more abstract in nature because it plays a key role for organizations in their achievement of overall organizational goals and objectives. Besides, such practices are clearly not focused towards a single industry or market, instead, these concentrate on enhancing the competitive advantage of firms over other firms. Based on the analysis of Woodside Petroleum, it can be recommended that the overall choice of strategic management practices implemented by the company allows it to attain a competitive advantage over other firms but there are various policies that require political or legal interventions, and the same must be duly considered by the company to avoid future complications (Brigham Daves, 2012). Hence, in the absence of a strategic objective within the companys framework, it may attain competitive advantage but may not enjoy a good reputation in the market. Overall, it is crucial for Woodside Petroleum to have effective control frameworks for better outcomes. References Brigham, E. Daves, P. (2012) Intermediate Financial Management. USA: Cengage Learning. Carmichael, D.R. and Graham, L. (2012) Accountants Handbook. Financial Accounting and General Topics, John Wiley Sons. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K. (2011) International accounting. Pearson . Davies, T. and Crawford, I. (2012) Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M. (2011) In Financial accounting theory. North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-HillLaux, B. (2014) Discussion of The role of revenue recognition in performance reporting. Accounting and Business Research. [online]. 44(4), 380-382. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2014.897867 Leo, K. J. (2011). Company Accounting. Boston:McGraw Hill Merchant, K. A. (2012) Making Management Accounting Research More Useful. Pacific Accounting Review. [online]. 24(3), 1-34. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ccf/f78a452763f17ed5e4f4ddc6b96703801403.pdf Needles, B.E. Powers, M. (2013) Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Parrino, R, Kidwell, D. and Bates, T. (2012) Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Peirson, G, Brown, R., Easton, S, Howard, P. and Pinder, S. (2015) Business Finance, 12th ed. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Petersen, C. and Plenborg, T. (2012)Financial statement analysis. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Svejenova, S., Planellas, M and Vives, L. (2010). An individual business model in the making: Achefs quest for creative freedom. Long range planning [online]. 43, 408-430. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.461 [18 April 2018] Woodside Petroleum 2016, Woodside Petroleum Annual report accounts 2016 [online]. Available from: https://www.woodside.com.au/Investors-Media/announcements/Documents/01.03.2017%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf [Accessed 18 April 2018]

How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism

Classical Liberalism developed from ideas and events in the late Medieval and Renaissance periods, and generated dramatic results during the Industrial Revolution, but its increasingly visible weaknesses generated many critiques that coalesced into Modern Liberalism from the 1800s onwards. Modern Liberalism thus developed as a reaction to the ideas of Classical Liberalism, although it also built on many discussions that were part of Classical Liberalism’s genesis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed: The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The origins of Modern Liberalism range from the anti-industrialism of the Luddites, to the Utopian visions of the early Socialists, to the readiness for violent revolutionary action of committed Communists. In all instances, these ideas were intend ed to mitigate the ill effects of Classical Liberalism, especially in Great Britain. As these negative impacts became more clearly visible, and their costs rose, there was more room for a critique of the deficiencies of what modern observers would now term laissez-faire capitalism. The ideas of Modern Liberalism have had widespread reverberations down to the present, although there is still active debate about their impact and validity. Both Classical Liberalism and Modern Liberalism found fertile ground in England, her colonies, and Commonwealth for many reasons. The country had a history of citizen activism, notably the Magna Charta (MonarchUK, 2011). The nation’s island status forced it to seek offshore fortunes, creating thereby a category of staggering wealthy folk with no hereditary, feudal tradition. The colonies opened windows on flourishing egalitarian aboriginal societies without Greco-Roman heritage. Additionally, scientific innovations drastically changed the way goods were manufactured (Raico, 1992). The nation, thanks to Henry VIII, was also conveniently detached from Rome’s authority (Hunt, 2003, p. 32). England thus became a pocket-sized generator of individualistic and somewhat democratic ideas and practices (although egalitarianism took longer). The ideas of Classical Liberalism arose logically from the discoveries and circumstances that existed before. Between the fall of Rome in the 5th century, and the Renaissance, the grip of the Church, the monarchy, and the monarchy’s deputies, the nobility, was largely unshaken. Kings , in an effort to regain re-establish Rome’s regional peace and stability, claimed rule by divine right, (in a supposed direct line of authorization from the Christian disciple, Peter, who was the first Bishop of Rome) (Raico, 1992) .Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, the monarch could endow a favored subject with both land and the residents thereon. Such serfs, prohibited from moving, occupied a position equivalent to a cow. Their noble master appropriated a portion of their produce, and could sell or trade their labor with neighbors, or use them for halberd fodder in frequent conflicts (Hunt, 2003, p. 5). The Church, the other great power (Hunt, 2003, p. 7), owned enormous properties with serfs as well (Hunt, 2003, p. 6). This situation of feudal power persisted with few interruptions for centuries. The Church, it must be noted, was the primary safety net for the poor or marginalized until the Elizabethan era in many areas (Hunt, 2003, p. 33). However, many circumstances upset this equilibrium. The Crusades exposed great numbers of people to at least one different, vibrant, self-assured religion, rising in influence – namely, Islam. Given that the Crusades took them into North Africa, it also seems reasonable to infer that these Christian knights ex perienced indigenous religions as well. This increased contact opened up new vistas for trade (such as those pursued by Marco Polo) and brought home new wealth, and new styles in architecture, music, and dress, at the very least (Hunt, 2003, p. 17). This contact also re-introduced Europeans to ideas in medicine, natural science and other useful topics from ancient pagan texts preserved in Islamic libraries. The human-centered, individualistic, rational perspective of these texts promoted Renaissance ferment (Corrigan, 2011) (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 106). They may have also contributed to the growing critique of the Church’s abuses, culminating in the Reformation (Hunt, 2003, p. 36). Thinkers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, following the humanist, individualist trends in Renaissance philosophy, proposed mutually opposing views of humans quite distinct from the Church’s, implying novel roles for government (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 106). Humans, in Lockeâ €™s view, were born good (although selfish (Hunt, 2003, p. 44)), an idea potentially conflicting with Catholicism’s concept of original sin. Locke believed that government’s role was protecting life, private property, and liberty, a concept enshrined in US founding documents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed: The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hobbes believed that humans’ intrinsic selfishness must be prevented from allowing mutual damage through a strong ruler’s control, which also conflicted with the previous (Christian) ideal of selflessness, a notion to which Margaret Lavinia Anderson alludes (Anderson). There was also a prevailing irritation with the Elizabethan Poor Laws, which many thoughtful people saw as encouraging idleness and blocking use ful workers from moving to where there was demand (Anderson) (Hunt, 2003, p. 45). As governmental power shifted, not without violence, from monarch to a Parliamentary body (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 108), thinkers examined how even a group (as opposed to a single tyrannical monarch) could act oppressively, and how to avert this. The ideas of Charles de Montesquieu, namely that government’s power needed limitation through separation of its powers (executive, legislative, judicial), found a welcome in the fledgling US government (Raico, 1992). Jeremy Bentham articulated the view that government ought to be seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Anderson). John Stuart Mill, who was influenced by Bentham, asserted that the individual and the minority needed protection from the majority. He also asserted that government’s place was not to legislate behavior that caused no harm . While our understanding of ‘harm’ has evolved substantiall y, e.g., how industrial practices damage health, this idea still exerts powerful appeal. Adam Smith suggested that a complete absence of regulations or controls on commerce and industry would allow individuals to operate maximally in their own best interests. Smith asserted that the ‘invisible hand’ would combine these individual efforts to ensure national success. This idea appealed to entrepreneurs, to whom the health of workers and the environment were irrelevant. Of course, as it transpired, the beneficiaries of such freedom of action were mill owners, not workers (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 112-113). Thus, Classical Liberalism’s early hold on England seemed to demonstrate successes (Raico, 1992). Energetic entrepreneurs amassed fortunes and increased the nation’s apparent wealth. However, horrors resulted from their unregulated activities. Initially, machines replaced and uprooted many from traditional employment, crafts, residence, subsistence agr iculture, and social connections. Child labor, unsafe conditions, and ludicrously long hours abounded, with no means of redress. Although free to leave an abusive situation, they were not necessarily free to find another equivalent job, or to undertake a lucrative craft. Thus, workers were essentially trapped in ghastly circumstances (Anderson).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These abuses drew attention from those directly affected, as well as thinkers and activists in various fields. The Luddite laborers took direct, violent action against the machines themselves. The Chartists attempted to broaden the voting franchise to allow the workers to have a say in regulating industry (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 132-133) (Chartists.net, 2011). Others did more than merely offer an articulate critique of the status quo under Classical Liberalism. David Ricardo mathematically quantified the Iron Law that wages fall to subsistence levels, if left without interference (Anderson). The Utopian Socialists proposed that citizen health and welfare was as important a function of government as the assurance of profit. The Fabians, one example of Utopian Socialists, proposed that the economy gradually move towards a more cooperative state. Robert Owens, an innovative industrialist, attempted to implement his ideas tangibly (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 134-135) . He trie d to establish a community free of private property, free of religion, and free of sexual inequality (marriage), but, as noted by Margaret Lavinia Anderson, his impractical management was impractical forced him to sell out and get out. He did inspire an early union precursor (Anderson). The Frenchman Charles Fourier proposed equally detailed, and dramatic reform ideas. He recommended establishing small communities of people representing all human personalities, and held together by his notion of ‘passionate attraction’ to the general welfare, living in rational structures called phalanstà ¨res. Fourier also wanted to create ways of working that did not enslave, brutalize, and alienate the worker. This is the sort of appropriation of control represented by the enchanted broom The Sorcerer’s Apprentice portion of the Disney movie Fantasia, as noted by Margaret Lavinia Anderson (Anderson). He inspired people all over, such as Horace Greeley, the New York journalist , who attempted a Fourier utopian community. Some of Fourier’s adherents in Russia were sent to Siberia for their efforts. Charles Dickens brilliantly satirized the moral bankruptcy of the Classical Liberal industrial system for a wide and popular audience. He lampooned industrialists’ abuse of workers (e.g., Hard Times), miserably inadequate charitable institutions (e.g., Oliver Twist), and public callousness (for example, A Christmas Carol). Given the power of his work to move modern audiences, it is easy to envision his influence on his contemporaries on the issues of industrialization and economic inequality. There were also efforts by industrialists themselves, at various times and places, to compensate for capitalism’s shortcomings. Factory owners tried to provide homes, schools, recreation, and similar amenities to appease factory workers. Though apparently admirable, this did not prevent trade union activism and violence, and continued resistance to, and criticism of, classical liberalism. There was also an Irish famine, and widespread population pressure in the early decades of the 1800s. This demographic explosion was initially supported by agriculture and manufacturing innovations. However, the dramatic starvation clearly revealed classic liberalism’s imperfections. Margaret Lavinia Anderson contends that this population and famine issue was an important backdrop and element in all the thinking, writing, and conflict of the period (Anderson). There was another strain of thinking in the 1800s that sought to uproot the very foundations of economies. Marxism adopted the cloak of science for his brand of socialism. He was affected in the development of his own ideas by Hegel’s vision of history as a logical, intelligible process, termed the dialectic. Marx’s own perspective, which he called historical materialism, predicted that workers must, eventually, rise up when they accumulate enough numbers and consciousn ess, as capitalism inevitability broke down. They must inevitably transform society by revolution, appropriating both ownership of the means of production, and control of government, from the bourgeoisie (Anderson). In his model of communism, the community owned everything of value. This ideology had its own complex narrative, affecting widely varying nations all across the world to this day. The Great Depression was a dramatic revelation of capitalism’s fallibility (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 145). In the Great Depression, the economist John Maynard Keynes proposed to moderate the inevitable cycles of capitalism by proactive government spending or savings. Counter-cyclical spending, would, Keynes believed, soften the painful extremes of boom and bust (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 146-149). This idea is being discussed in detail, at this very moment in the USA. The actual result, for a number of nations, of the application of Modern Liberalism, has been the creation of the welfare state (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 149). The government fills in when employers do not pay enough to support the necessities of life, or when employment is unavailable. This has the potential for some of the same negative effects as the Poor Laws that Ricardo noted earlier on. It is accused by modern conservatives – nearly daily, in some media outlets – of creating a class forever trapped in joblessness or under-employment. Modern Liberalism developed out of the observations and objections made over decades regarding the weaknesses of Classical Liberalism, which, itself, developed as a response to absolute and capricious monarchical greed. It has become embedded in at least one party’s platform in most western nations. Modern Liberalism affects us even today in Canada, and has shaped the development of many aspects of our society, with our health system as just as one example. Bibliography Anderson, M. L. (n.d.). Capitalism and its Critics. Web. Charti sts.net. (2011). Chartism Frequently Asked Questions. Web. Hunt, E. (2003). PROPERTY AND PROPHETS: THE EVOLUTION OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND IDEOLOGY. Armonk, NY, USA: M.E. Sharpe. MonarchUK. (2011). How the Monarchy Works. Web. National Public Radio. (2011, September). The Swerve: How the World Became Modern. Retrieved from NPR Books. Perspectives on Ideology. Perspectives on Ideology. Raico, R. (1992, August). The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism, Parts 1, 2, and 3. Web. This essay on How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed: The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism was written and submitted by user Katherine Poole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean Overview

The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean Overview The Gulf Stream is a strong, fast moving, warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It makes up a portion of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. The majority of the Gulf Stream is classified as a western boundary current. This means that it is a current with behavior determined by the presence of a coastline - in this case, the eastern United States and Canada - and is found on the western edge of an oceanic basin. Western boundary currents are normally very warm, deep, and narrow currents that carry water from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream was first discovered in 1513 by the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and was then used extensively by Spanish ships as they traveled from the Caribbean to Spain. In 1786, Benjamin Franklin mapped the current, further increasing its usage. Path of the Gulf Stream Because these areas are often very narrow, the current is able to compress and gather strength. As it does so, it begins circulating in the Gulf of Mexico’s warm waters. It is here that the Gulf Stream becomes officially visible on satellite images so it is said that the current originates in this area. Once it gains enough strength after circulating in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream then moves east, rejoins the Antilles Current, and exits the area through the Straits of Florida. Here, the Gulf Stream is a powerful underwater river that transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (or 30 Sverdrups). It then flows parallel to the east coast of the United States and later flows into the open ocean near Cape Hatteras but continues moving north. While flowing in this deeper ocean water, the Gulf Stream is its most powerful (at about 150 Sverdrups), forms large meanders, and splits into several currents, the largest of which is the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current then flows further north and feeds the Norwegian Current and moves the relatively warm water along the west coast of Europe. The rest of the Gulf Stream flows into the Canary Current which moves along the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean and back south to the equator. Causes of the Gulf Stream The northern branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, is deeper and is caused by thermohaline circulation resulting from density differences in the water. Impacts of the Gulf Stream The greatest impact the Gulf Stream has on climate is found in Europe. Since it flows into the North Atlantic Current, it too is warmed (though at this latitude the sea surface temperatures are cooled considerably), and it is believed that it helps keep places like Ireland and England much warmer than they would otherwise be at such a high latitude. For example, the average low in London in December is 42Â °F (5Â °C) while in St. John’s, Newfoundland, the average is 27Â °F (-3Â °C). The Gulf Stream and its warm winds are also responsible for keeping northern Norway’s coast free of ice and snow. As well as keeping many places mild, the Gulf Stream’s warm sea surface temperatures also aid in the formation and strengthening of many of the hurricanes that move through the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the Gulf Stream is important to the distribution of wildlife in the Atlantic. The waters off of Nantucket, Massachusetts, for example, are incredibly biodiverse because the presence of the Gulf Stream makes it the northern limit for southern species varieties and the southern limit for northern species. The Future of the Gulf Stream There has been evidence that the Gulf Stream is weakening and slowing and there is growing concern about what impacts such a change would have on the world’s climate. Some reports suggest that without the Gulf Stream, temperatures in England and northwestern Europe could drop by 4-6Â °C. These are the most dramatic of the predictions for the future of the Gulf Stream but they, as well as today’s climate patterns surrounding the current, show its importance to life in many places around the world.

Cyperethics-copyrights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cyperethics-copyrights - Essay Example It is also immoral. Or is it? There is not a doubt that there are substantial harms that might come through the illegal downloading of music - for one, illegal downloading takes money out of the pocket of recording artists, and it might stifle innovation and growth in the industry. But, on the other hand, it is more morally complex and ambiguous than might be on the surface. It can be compared to white collar crime, in that there are diffuse victims, diffuse perpetrators, and it is difficult to know exactly who is being harmed by it. Also, illegally downloading music is not necessarily in violation of social norms, as so many people do it, therefore one basis for morality, social norms, is not necessarily a basis for the censure on illegal downloading. Finally, the record companies do not have clean hands, as they are known to take advantage of artists because of unequal bargaining power, such that some successful recording artists end up in bankruptcy court because the contract term s were so onerous that these artists got little out of it. Illegally downloading music might hurt the recording industry, but they hurt artists, so, in essence, illegally downloading music is giving them a taste of their own medicine. ... And, illegally downloading music has a lot in common with white collar crime, which might include extortion, false statements, fraud, tax evasion and the like. According to Green (2004), white collar crime does not necessarily have the same degree of moral unambiguity as do other crimes, such as robbery, rape and murder. The white collar crime might not be morally wrong, according to Green (2004), because the behavior that is conducted is considered to be more or less acceptable in the realm that it is performed, which means that these crimes have a certain level of moral ambiguity about them. In fact, there are ten factors which he states he associates with moral ambiguity, in the context of white collar crime. One is that there are cases which distinguish between criminality and merely aggressive behavior. For instance, some kind of alleged extortion might be considered to be hardball negotiating, and nothing more. Another is that there is morally ambiguity in inchoate offenses, wh ich means that there is liability for offenses that haven't quite been completed. There is also an issue of overcriminalization, according to Green (2004), and this, perhaps, is most pertinent to the issue of the illegal downloading of music. Overcriminalization refers to offenses that a great percentage of society does not necessarily see as wrong. Green (2004) argues that how a society views a certain offense matters – that society might think that certain things are unambiguous and worthy of censure, no matter the context – this would encompass things like stealing or rape or other kinds of crimes where people are hurt. But society, according to Green (2004) does not

The Effects of Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Effects of Global Warming - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that  global warming is likely to cause an increase in temperatures, which results in flooding along the coast. Researchers show that the sea level has risen by around four to eight inches in the 20th century alone. The increase in sea level results from the expansion of sea water. Also, experts feel that global warming will result in a massive increase in vector-borne diseases. Pathogens reproduce very fast when in warm temperatures. Some of the most significant diseases include rodents and mosquitoes.This study highlights that  the consequences of global warming result in a lot of damages to the environment and will likely lead to adverse outcomes for the future generations. Some of the outcomes include deadly heat waves, rising of the sea level and flooding, droughts and wildfires. Also, global warming will result in an increase in diseases such as malaria. Moreover, the ecology of the earth will become imbalanced because of the melting ice and moun tain glaciers.  Global warming plays a huge role in the change of the planet’s ecology. Most of the causes of global warming are human activities. For example, production activities and energy production activities result in a release of gases into the atmosphere that traps the planet’s heat before it gets fully radiated. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study of the causes of global warming and the likely solutions to the problems that result from the phenomenon.

Desert Industry

Desert Industry INVESTIGATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEIN THE SMALL SCALE DESSERT INDUSTRY IN SOUTH WALES. 1. INTRODUCTION: Financial Success often depends on marketing ability of a firm. Finance, operations, accounting and other business functions cannot help unless there is sufficient demand of products and services of a firm in the market. Hence, the focus of the firms today is totally on the customers (Kotler and Keller, 2006). In broader sense, the whole marketing process can be defined in the following diagram: In every stage of the marketing process, a firm not only has to keep its focus on the customers but also have to keep the efforts to be ahead of its competitors. Hence, in each stage of the marketing process, a firm tries to be ahead of its competitors by gaining a competitive advantage over them. In order to do this, certain competitive strategies are followed. These strategies involve taking offensive or defensive actions to create a defendable position in the industry. The best competitive strategy for a firm is unique and dependent on the challenges that the firm is facing. However, it is not possible for a firm to enjoy a competitive advantage in the market over a same strategy for long term basis. So, with the change in the external environment and competitors strategies, the competitive strategies of a firm, too, has to undergo certain changes. The project proposes to study competitive advantage for small firm in desserts industry, which has created a niche segment for itself in the competitive dessert and bakery market of South Wales. It also aims to study the importance that such small firms give to competitive advantage and the way they evolve with time. 2. FOCUS 2.1 Aim: By considering the above mentioned facts, the aim of the project has been narrowed down to: â€Å"To study Wales dessert market taking into consideration the prominent players in the industry, thereby, identifying the evolution of its competitive advantage and strategies over a period of time and the possible opportunities and threats in the coming time†. 2.2 Objectives: 1) To study Wales Dessert market and evolving competitive strategies of prominent players of industry with time. 2) To carry on a comparative study on the competitive strategies of the prominent players of wales dessert market. 3) To identify the upcoming threats and opportunities, hence, making recommendations in terms of how players can gain competitive advantage over its competitors. 3. CONTEXT: The concept of gaining competitive advantage forms the thrust of marketing activities in an organization. Working on a project using a study on competitive advantage would be a great value addition to me as a student of marketing specialization. This is because of the reason that Competitive advantage encompasses almost all major aspects/fields of marketing ranging right from the conception of product development through product promotion to product launch and strategies for its sustenance in the market. The reason for choosing not too developed dessert market was that information about the competitive advantage and strategies of large firms and MNCs is well talked of in books, articles, news, journals. Even while compounding theories and frame works related to competitive advantage and strategies, theorists have given major consideration to large corporations and MNCs. The Focus of project on such small segment industry is to understand the perspective and dimensions of the concept of competitive advantage and strategies at a small scale. 4. LITERATURE REVIEW: 4.1 About the Conceptual framework: Competitive advantage: The Concept The concept of Competitive Advantage was compounded by Michael E. Porter in 1985. In order to create a defendable position in the market or in order to survive successfully in the presence of various competitive forces so as to generate high returns on investments, it is important for a firm to take either offensive or defensive strategies (Porter, 1998). Resource Based Theory The major contribution of the resource-based view of the firm to date has been as a theory of competitive advantage. It argues that it is very important for a firm to develop a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) within so as to successfully survive in highly competitive market. According to the theory, achieving a SCA allows the firm to earn economic returns over its investments. Also, it lays emphasis on how firms achieve and sustain competitive advantages. The theory puts forward the idea that in order to gain competitive advantage, possession of certain key resources that have unique features like value, barriers to duplications and appropriability, acts as an effective stimulus. The theory also stresses upon effective deployment of the resources in the market to maximize returns and on the appropriate strategic choice of the firm (Fahy and Smithee, 1999). A customer should see any competitive advantage as a customer advantage. For example, if a company sells fresh food than its competitors, this will not be a customer advantage if customers do not value fresh food. Companies must concentrate on building customer advantages because only by focusing on customer advantages, high customer satisfaction and vale can be assured which further leads to repetitive purchases that are i.e. A loyal customer base and ultimately higher market share (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Resource-Based Model of Sustainable Competitive Advantage : Source: (Adapted from Fahy and Smithee, 1999) Porters Generic Strategies: These are the Basic approaches to strategic planning that can be adopted by any firm in any market or industry to improve its competitive performance. For an organisation to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage Michael Porter suggested that they should follow either one of three generic strategies: 1) Cost Leadership 2) Differentiation 3) Focus These strategies are applied at the business unit level. They are called generic strategies because they are not firm or industry dependent. Each generic strategy implies different skills and requirements for success which commonly translates into differences in organisational structure and culture. Cost Leadership A firm is said to be following the strategy of cost leadership if it is able to deliver a product with same features and quality as its competitors but at a comparative lower cost to the customer. For a business to achieve such a strategy, it is important to achieve low cost of production and distribution. In short, the strategy emphasizes on charging lower price than competitors to gain more market share (Kotler and Keller, 2006) (Dibb et al, 2006) and (www.quickmba.com). Differentiation The differentiation strategy, unlike cost leadership, lays stress on delivering products with the benefits exceeding the same products produced by the competitors in the market. According to the strategy superior performance of the product is valued by a large part of the market (Kotler and Keller, 2006) (Dibb et al, 2006) and (www.quickmba.com). Focus The focus strategy is also known as a niche strategy. This strategy is adopted when a firm is neither in a position to implement cost leadership nor differentiation strategy. In this strategy the focus in terms of efforts and resources is confined to on a narrow and defined segment of a market. A niche strategy is often used by smaller firms. A company could use either a cost focus or a differentiation focus. A firm using a focus strategy often enjoys a high degree of customer loyalty, and this entrenched loyalty discourages other firms from competing directly (Dibb et al, 2006) (Kotler and Keller, 2006). PROS: 1) Porters generic strategies model achieves to reduce the strategic alignment of the organisations between cost and differentiation. The model successfully indicates that differentiation strategy is equally effective as cost leadership. 2) The selection of a generic strategy provides direction to management and staff that helps them acquire internal consistency between management style, reward system, recruiting policy, etc. so as to shape its internal structure as per the choice of strategy of the firm. CONS: 1) The concept of porter generic strategies is mostly focused on large multinational companies with multiple business units although the strategy can be implemented on small organisations too, but the tools employed in the strategies are too complex to add optimum value to them. 2) Porter stated that competitive strategic analysis needs to happen on an ongoing basis. But even when a quantitative/economic change in the industrys conditions is detected, the reaction is frequently too late to realign the company. Most change occurs bottom-up, intuitively and creatively, and can be detected early using soft data rather than hard data Porters Five Forces: Michael Porters Five Forces of Competitive Position model provides a simple perspective for assessing and analysing the competitive advantage or strength and position of a corporation or business organization. Industry structure and positioning within the industry are the basis for models of competitive strategy promoted by Michael Porter. The â€Å"Five Forces† diagram captures the main idea of Porters theory of competitive advantage. Source: (Adapted from Ankli , 2007) Bargain Strength of Supplier: Since a powerful customer always has the discretion of forcing supplier for discounts, delay payment or preferred services, later, sometimes have to partly finance the former, so the supplier has to partly finance them. As for examples, Enormous bargaining power is enjoyed by huge Supermarket chains that have huge, concentrated buying power (C Murphy, 2005) (Thompson and Strickland, 2004). Bargain Strength of Customers: The bargaining power of the customer depends on the range of choice of suppliers that it has with him/her. In a situation of monopsony, where one customer has the choice of many suppliers, the bargaining power of customer is high to an extent where he himself sets the price. Whereas for a situation where customers are poorly placed, their bargaining power is negligible and hence they have to accept the terms offered by the suppliers (Ankli, 2007) (Aaker and McLoughlin, 2007) (Thompson and Strickland, 2004). Potential Entrants: The firm has to be alert from not only the competitors but the new entrants in the market pose equal threat of market share being snatched. The possibility is even higher if there are minimal barriers to the entry and exit to business entities in the market. However, in reality, the industries have the policies that protect the financial interests of existing firms in the market and restrain additional rivals from entering the market (Thompson and Strickland, 2004) (Ankli, 2007). Substitutes: Another set of competitors that may pose threat to the market share of a firm are the firms that produce the products that can be substituted against the existing product of the firm. This threat is of high intensity if there is high willingness among the customers to switch from the use of current product to its substitute. Some major factors that may stimulate the willingness of customers to switch to the use of substitute can be use of breakthrough technology in substitute, Steep price difference between the existing product and the substitute (C Murphy, 2005) (Ankli, 2007). Industry Rivalry: The intensity of competition is directly proportional to the structure of the industry. What matters here is the number and capability of your rivals if you have many competitors and they offer equally valuable products and services, then in this situation you will have little power. If you are doing the same thing what others are doing i.e. suppliers and buyers are not happy with your deal, theyll go elsewhere. On the other hand, if you do that no-one else can do, then you can often have tremendous advantage and strength (Thompson and Strickland, 2004) (Ankli, 2007). According to Obasi Richard, with the use of the concept of Competitive advantage and strategies, it would be easier for the firms to have a better insight in business situations and the appropriate strategies pertaining to these situations. Also, the managers would be able to make tactical decisions rather than relying on their intuition, experience, or trial and error alone (Akan et al, 2006). 4.2 About the Chosen Sector: The desert industry of UK is although small industry however it is growing at a good pace. Since last few years many new players have entered in this segment and have been using competitive marketing strategies like Online Marketing, Customisation etc to sustain and do well. According to the website of British baker magazine there is an increase in the cake and cake bars market by 7% in the year 2008 as compared to 2007 to reach GBP 1.52 bn. According to research from Mintel out of the whole only two-third of the consumers only consume the cakes, frequency of use and penetration level is declining. Report also stated that the market is likely to grow between 2008 and 2013 by 26 % (www.bakeryinfo.co.uk). According to Reuters the UK biscuit and the cake market in the year 2007 was approximately to be worth GBP 2.96bn, a boost of 13.6% since 2003. It is likely to see a rise in the biscuit and the cake market between 2008 and 2012, even though this may be largely driven by rise in input cost. Biscuits and cakes are getting a tough competition from other alternatives such as fruits and savoury snacks but its value growth is maintained due to some added value activities (www.reuters.com). It can be seen that the dessert industry is growing and considerable research can further contribute to aspiring small desert industries which is my intention. 5. Research Methodology: 5.1 Research Paradigm: The research paradigm which will be used in the dissertation is Phenomenology. Phenomenological approach to research is so called because it is based on the way people experience social phenomena in the world in which they live. Phenomenologists are concerned with what things mean, rather than with identifying and measuring phenomena. They are particularly interested in the idea that human experience is a valuable source of data, as opposed to the idea that true research or discovery lies in simply measuring the existence of physical phenomena. 5.2 Research Approach: Since the project aims to find out competitive advantage and competitive strategy, so the findings of the project would be qualitative in nature. 5.3 Research Methods: Different research methods used for primary data are: * Surveys * In Depth Interviews Different research methods used for Secondary data are: * Self study from internet * Books * Research articles and journals 5.4 Sampling: For the analysis, two samples are considered, namely: a. Consumers b. Players in the Dessert Industry The consumers would be taken from all age groups, geographic locations and lifestyles. Similarly, players too would range from the biggest players in the market to the small organizations involved in the same business. 5.4.1 Sampling Criteria: For the analysis, two samples are considered, namely: a. Consumers b. Players in the Dessert Industry The consumers would be taken from all age groups, geographic locations and lifestyles. Similarly, players too would range from the biggest players in the market to the small organizations involved in the same business. 5.4.2 Number of Respondents/Participants: For Customers: 125 150 For Players: 10-15 5.4.3 Sampling Technique: The probability Technique will be used. The probability sampling is also known as random sampling. It gives each member of the target population an equal probability of selection. 5.5 Methods to analyse Primary Data: The study would use MS excel for the analyses of the primary data and text analysis as well. 6. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION AND ISSUES: Ethical considerations towards respondents: * Proper information about the study * Anonymity of the participants * Freedom to choice Ethical considerations for self: * Clear communication with respondents * Use of authenticated data * Proper interpretation of data 7. REFERENCES: MURPHY, C. 2005. Gathering, Analysing and putting it to work 1st edition. Aldershot, Hants: Gower Publishing Limited Doyle, P., Stern, P. 2006. Markeing Management and Strategy 4th edition. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W., Ferrell, O. 2006. Marketing Concepts and Strategies 5th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company Thompson, A., Strickland, A. 2004. Strategic Management Concepts and Cases 13th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Aaker, D., McLoughlin, D. 2007. Strategic Market Management 7th edition. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, Ltd Kotler, P., Keller, K. 2006. Marketing Management 12th edition. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Porter, M. 1998. Competitive Advantage Creating And Sustaining Superior Performance 11th edition, New York, NY: The Free Press QuickMBA. 2007. Competitive Advantage [WWW] http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/competitive-advantage/ (15th Nov, 2009) Bakeryinfo.co.uk. 2008. cake market on the up but trends are changing [WWW] http://www.bakeryinfo.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/3879/Cake_market_on_the_up,_but_trends_are_changing.html (13th Nov,2009) Reuters. 2008. Fahy, J., Smithee, A. 1999. Strategic Marketing and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 10, pp. 1-20 Ankli, R. 1992. Michael Porters Competitive Advantage and Business History. Business and Economic History, 21, pp. 229-232 Akan, O., Allen, R., Helms, M., Spralls, S. 2006. Critical tactics for implementing Porters generic strategies. Journal of Business Strategy, 27(1), pp. 43-53 8. TIME PLAN In 6 months of the dissertation 2 weeks will be dedicate to introduction 1 month will be dedicated to Literature Review. 2 months for data analysis. 1 month for research methodology. 1 month for conclusion

O Level

w w ap eP m e tr .X w UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS s er om .c GCE Ordinary Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2008 question paper 5054 PHYSICS 5054/02 Paper 2 (Theory), maximum raw mark 75 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and nexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 200 8 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054Paper 2 Do not accept fractions. No penalty for [ 2 s. f. unless stated or for 1 s. f. where exactly correct. Only one unit and only one fraction penalty per question. Section A 1 (a) 0. 5(0) m B1 C1 A1 (a) mgh or F ? d or 10 ? 700 (–)7000 J C1 A1 (b) Q/E/H = mc? T or (? T =) 7000/(1) ? 4200 1. 7 or 1. 67 or 5. 5 8. 9  °C e. c. f. (a) 4 B1 (b) rotates/tilts/unbalanced/one side down/one side up rotates anticlockwise/down on left or head down or foot up (net) anticlockwise moment or moment on left > moment on right or weight/CM on left of pivot 3 B1 B1 B1 B1 (b) 10(. 0) N or e. c. f. (a) diagram of two forces and resultant W / 6(N) and T / 8(N) marked on perp. forces or scale given 10(. 0  ±0. 2) N 35–39 ° from T/Y/horizontal or 51–55 ° from W/vertical an d correct resultant C1 C1 A1 (a) (i) (a = ? )v/t or 84/35 2. 4 m/s? C1 A1 (ii) speed and time axes correct and labelled straight line of positive gradient through origin 84 (m/s) and 35 (s) marked (b) (i) two arrows with forward force > backward force (ii) air/wind resistance or friction or drag  © UCLES 2008 B1 [5] [4] [5] B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 [7] Page 3 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 a) Any two pairs – may be expressed in terms of the gas: liquid M1 molecules dense(r) close(r)/touching incompressible/volume fixed close(r) or strong(er) forces fills bottom container forces strong(er) expands less when heated forces strong(er) more viscous/flows slower forces strong(er) sound fast(er) close(r) or strong(er) forces better conductors of heat close(r) slower diffusion close(r) Paper 2 A1 (b) molecules gain speed/energy/heat and escape/leave cloth/break bonds or latent heat needed fast(er)/high(er) (kinetic) energy molecules escape/evaporate (a verage) speed / (kinetic) energy (of remainder) decreases r temperature related to (average) energy/speed of molecules 6 M2 A2 B1 B1 B1 (a) red B1 (b) (i) equal to B1 (ii) less than B1 (c) two correct refractions on Fig. 6. 2 no dispersion and ray ends close to P (a) 12(. 0) V B1 B1 B1 B1 (c) (E=) QV or VIt or 200 ? 12 2400 J accept 2370–2410 J e. c. f. 8 M1 A1 (b) top row: 4. 6 and 0 bottom row: square 1 = square 2 + square 3 or 9. 2 bottom row: 4. 6 in squares 2 and 3 cao 7 [7] C1 A1 (a) fusion B1 (b) (i) mass decreases or product/nuclei/atoms less massive mass becomes/converted to energy B1 B1 (ii) E = mc2 6. 6 ? 10–29 ? (3. 0 ? 108)2 5. 9 ? 0–12 or 5. 94 ? 10–12 J B1 C1 A1  © UCLES 2008 [5] [6] [6] Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 Paper 2 Section B 9 (a) (i) Any three lines: vibration of cone/loudspeaker vibration of air/particles (molecules) particles/molecules pass on vibrations/energy (to neighbours) com pressions and rarefactions or longitudinal wave/movement of particle (max 3) B1 B1 B1 B1 (ii) loud – large amplitude/max displacement low-pitched – frequency/no. of waves per sec low frequency, small frequency, etc. (long wavelength 1/2) B1 M1 A1 (iii) (t =) d/s or 0. 57/330 0. 0017 s C1 A1 iv) speed of sound greater in water/liquid or v. v. less time taken in water/liquid or heard sooner/faster B1 B1 [10] (b) (i) v = f? or 200 seen (? =) v/f or 330/200 or 330/0. 2 or 1650 (m) 1. 6/1. 65/1. 7 m (ii) attempt at compressions and rarefactions/longitudinal wave correct wavelength marked C1 C1 A1 M1 A1 [5] [Total: 15]  © UCLES 2008 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 10 (a) (i) at least 2 concentric, complete circles increasing gap at least 1 anticlockwise arrow and none incorrect (ii) stronger or more lines or lines closer together or extends further (b) (i) (R =) V/I or 6. /8. 0 0. 75 ? Paper 2 B1 B1 B1 B1 [4] C1 A1 (ii) (Q =) It or 8. 0 ? 120 or 8. 0 ? 2 960 C (16 C scores 1/2) C1 A1 (c) (i) L>R or N>S [4] B1 (ii) force (on wire) or wire bends/moves into page/perpendicular to field/away (from us)/LH rule quoted M1 A1 (iii) force reverses or out of page or bends the other way e. c. f. B1 [4] (iv) accept first two marks on unlabelled diagram (wire becomes) coil / armature /solenoid force/movement opposite on sides of coil or moment current reverses during rotation/due to commutator or split ring B1 B1 B1 [3] [Total: 15]  © UCLES 2008 Page 6 Mark SchemeGCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 11 (a) (P =) VI or 6. 0 ? 1. 6 9. 6 W Paper 2 C1 A1 (b) (i) filament/J releases electrons or thermionic emission attracted by +ve terminal/metal plate/K electrons move/accelerate [2] B1 B1 B1 (ii) otherwise electrons hit (air) molecules/particles/lose energy or electrons deflected/don’t hit screen/cause ionisation of air B1 (iii) electrons/charges/beam/ray deflected (by magnetic field) few(er) ele ctrons reach plate/K/+ve terminal/pass round circuit B1 B1 (iv) current = 0 or no reading electrons repelled by or not attracted to K or K does not emit electrons B1 c) (i) (dot/speck of light) moves so fast (that the eye sees it as a single line) or timebase pulls it horizontally or voltage is constant/zero B1 [8] B1 (ii) (line/trace) displaced vertically at uniform rate/speed or slowly moves 3. 0 divisions/3cm M1 A1 B1 (iii) screen not high enough or trace moves beyond edge of screen or line moves 6cm / more than 4cm (vertically) or line can only move 4cm or screen is only 4cm from middle to top B1 [5] [Total: 15] B1 Independent mark C1 Compensation mark; given also if the answer is correct M1 Method mark: if not given, subsequent A marks are not awarded A1 Answer mark.  © UCLES 2008

Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation Essay

In the past the Special Education has overcome some challenges and length. The laws and rules made it potential for all special needs to have an education and to be treated fairly like everyone else. The special needs are human beings just like any other person and they need to have the same opportunities and equality in today’s society. Attitude Over the years the attitude towards the intellectual disabilities has been poorly repulsive and prejudice. Connecticut 1650 code was a law where the special needs get sterilization and can no longer reproduce. Hitler also eradicated the special needs, because he saw them as being weak to his supreme race. The people were afraid of the special needs because they did not fit into the normal society. In the coming years the attitudes slowly change and special needs are becoming more accepted into society. The laws and rules will soon open up people minds and eyes to change their attitude towards the special needs. â€Å"Furthermore, the stigma and discrimination commonly experienced by individuals with intellectual disability are not only a barrier to effective integration but also result in reduced self-esteem and feelings of isolation† (Ouellette-Kuntz, Burge, Brown, Arsenault, 2010, pg. 132). Legislation and Litigation Litigation has made a huge impact on the Special Education. The IDEA and the NCLB has changed the education for the special needs to allow the students into the school to learn and have the same education values as other students. The special needs students were not permitted to go to school and people were afraid of them or they might get the same disabilities of what they had. The Legislation brought up laws to protect the special needs and  to have them to go to school along with the general education. The Legislation also ensures the NCLB that all the students and teachers meet their requirement goals and given assessments for students for their grade levels. The IEP (Individualized Education Plan) benefit the teachers to keep track or their students’ progress and contains information on how well they are learning. â€Å"It is critical that IEP teams carefully consider the implications of choosing an alternative assessment as it may lead to an alternative diploma or certificate and may influence the kinds of jobs and postsecondary options available to the student† (Bowen, Rude, 2005, pg.27). Legislation made a wave for the Special Education and continues to put new laws in to the school systems to provide resources and materials for the students who have disabilities. Challenges There are some challenges that the educators are facing, where they have to make sure their students are passing and they have to follow the NCLB act. The resources and funds are being cut in the education departments and it is making it uneasy for the special needs those essential materials in order to learn. In some school district it is affecting their students to progress and the teacher’s accountability to provide the materials to the lesson plans. The teachers are facing hard times if their students are not passing because of budget cuts and spending. Predictions Student with disabilities are still being encourage to believe that there is still expectation for them to succeed. Students with mild disabilities are in the regular education classroom and learning the same materials other students are learning. In the future Special Education will thrive for the best, because there will be more voices and concern for the privileges of educations. The students will also be allow to have more choices for their education and hopefully the budget and spending will be prosperous for more resources and supplies to give out to the Special needs. Personal Encounter My first encounter with a person with disabilities, I was thinking â€Å"What happen to them, or why do they behave like that?† I would think will that ever happen to me? I also spectacle why do they attend the same school I go to. I started to run out of questions and answer and that’s when I asked my  mother who is a Special Education teacher and she told me â€Å"People with disabilities have the same equal rights and opportunities as other people do and they are human beings just like us.† That day on I change my who perspective view on people with disabilities. Conclusion The Special Education teachers are willing to take on challenges and roles to support their students to achieve. The laws and regulation are pushing it ways through the doors and allowing benefits, and educational plans for the special needs. The parents, teachers, and communities are the voices that will provide better treatment and exceptional tools to better the educational needs for the students. References Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Burge, P., Brown, H. K., & Arsenault, E. (2010). Public Attitudes Towards Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities as Measured by the Concept of Social Distance. Journal Of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities, 23(2), 132-142. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00514.x Bowen, S. K., & Rude, H. A. (2006). Assessment and Students with Disabilities: Issues and Challenges with Educational Reform. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 25(3), 24-30.

The Metamorphosis A Traveling Salesman Named Gregor Samsa

Elizabeth Shuck Mr. Detweiler Honors English 4 November 2014 The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis, is about a traveling salesman named Gregor Samsa. One morning, Gregor wakes up to find that he has transformed into a giant insect. Unable to get up, he reflects on how he does not like his life as a traveling salesman. When he does not get up, and is let to work, his mom begins to worry about him. Eventually Gregor’s officer manager shows up and knocks on the door to tell him to get up. He responds, however, they cannot understand him so they think something is very wrong with him. Eventually, Gregor is able to get the door unlocked by the use of his mouth, since he has no hands. When he begins to explain to the office manager what has happened, and asks for his forgiveness, he runs out of the apartment. Gregor, who is confused by the events that took place, attempts to run after him, only to be stopped by his father that drives him back in his room with a cane and rolled up newspaper, where he will remain for the rest of the story. When G regor wakes the next morning, he discovers that someone has left food in his room. His sister Grete, left milk and bread. This used to be Gregor’s favorite food! However, when he tasted the bread now, he was repulsed by it. He eventually gives up on trying to eat the bread. When Grete comes back in and sees that he hasn’t touched the bread, she takes it away and returns with rotten food scraps. He discovers now, that with his new body, heShow MoreRelatedAllegorical Metamorphosis1128 Words   |  5 PagesAllegorical Metamorphosis Metamorphosis is transformation of an insect from an immature form to an adult form. Although this term is ordinarily used in Biology, Franz Kafka uses this term to title his peculiar story. 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