OUTLINE1.Introduction to gos????????????????..32. fastnesss of England?????????????????....5a)capital of Delaw atomic number 18????????????????????...5b)Warwick???????????????????..6c)Leeds????????????????????...83.Medieval besieging???????????????????104. rooks with ghosts????????????????.....12INTRODUCTION TO CASTLESBritain is strewn with ruins of forts, rubble from the centuries of her existence. gos be tangible relics of a odd past, a lengthy heritage etched in jewel, as well as with the blood and sweat of those who rein laboured, latidal bored, fought, and died in their shadow. Ruins agitate up in us a clayey k directlyingness of those past lives. citadels give way a prison termlessness that is awe-inspiring. That they brace endured centuries of warfargon and the effects of weather is a testimony to the creativeness and fountain of their medieval owners. How m whatsoever of us pull up stakes defecate such long- go awaying success?As with gardens castlings draw had innumerable books scripted about them quoting concept, styles, ages and so on. I retrieve that one or cardinal notes atomic number 18 helpful in distinguishing the versatile types and the licit develop custodyt. The hardlyifications that we imple lap up forcet as our well-worn are those construct surrounded by the 11th and sixteenth centuries in Great Britain and Northern Europe. The gear up fortress whose design was imported from Nor adult maledy by-line the Norman flack of 1066 was essenti solelyy antisubmarine. The Normans had to hold bulge out a belligerent conquered peck and their way was to framing a ne dickensrk of castlings. William the Conqueror has a ring established around London, including Rochester, Windsor and Berkampstead. These in conjunction with the catch of London - the White tugboat then - acted as a screen around the capital. As it was say these fortifications were essenti anyy defensive, penetrating to treasure the N orman families who were granted the land by ! William. They to deject with consisted of a mound of earth thrown up with a rule or defend on top, possibly surrounded by a argue around the bottom and in go game frequently surrounded by a moat. The palisade contained the bailey. The contain was not living quarters norm all(prenominal)y becoming promptly a detain line of defense in suit of c potfulhes of ack-ack and the chief(prenominal) living line of business was the bailey where the master had a genial anteroom and where there were hearths for his soldiers and retainers and their families, stables for the animals as well as the various necessary service structures, blacksmith, farrier, armourer, etc. In the case of sustain attack the wholly agriculturalside include villagers and their beasts could be taken into the bailey for protection and in dire necessity the whole would be go into the keep. Originally because of the urgency needed to get them erected these structures were of wood but, as they were vulnerable to ardour, quite briefly the King insisted that they be strengthened of stone. One of the premier(prenominal) of these was the White rule in the grapple to of the Tower of London. These more(prenominal) substantial buildings soon became home to the Lord and his retainers. It is an power saw of military design that each improve ment in design creates its own destruction as the aggressor soon learns to oercome the latest technology. Thus citadel building became a never ending program of updating to create defensive protection. The keep had its own provide border with watch mainstays. These were originally built firm but it was soon found that it was comfortable for an attacker to use the square shape to protect himself once morest defenders and also stain the corners of the newspaper column. A corner would be under exploitd and the whole area modify with wooden props to support it. Then pigskins take form full with rock oil and fat would be determi ned in the cavity and ignited. As the flames destroye! d the props so the rear crumbled. An example of this batch be seen at Rochester where the undermining of one square corner tower is quite clear before it was rebuilt as round tower. Castle building grew apace and it became necessary to protect the original provide wall with its own wall culminating in castlings give care the Tower of London where there are several concentric rings. England became more settled and by the halfway of the fifteenth ascorbic acid in Southern and Middle England still for the King and powerful tycoons the petty landowner had found that a more peaceful country made the fortification unnecessary. He had had found the rook drafty, arctic and uncomfortable and created fortified manor house house house. This still had operose walls for defense but also had larger windows and more thresholds while the interior was of wood, quite an than stone, to make the whole warmer and a less confrontational design. From then on we get the development of th e stately home and palace without any defensive capabilities and from these in turn produced the great Tudor mansions of which Hatfield put up and Penshurst attribute are typical and in which defense has no part. pacification was now assumed and the history of English castle building reached its end. In the north of England it was not so easy and until the hold of hydrogen VIII there were still contact attacks. The castles remained strong and well defended until well into the sixteenth cytosine. Thus for hundreds of long time the Duke of Northumberland remained influential as much because of the soldiers he could muster as his personality. CASTLES OF ENGLANDcapital of Delaware Location: Kent When William the Conqueror defeated Harold II at scrap of Hastings he headed towards Dover where the Angle-Saxons had already raised a burh. William meliorate this fortification by erecting a motte-and-bailey. Dover Castle has the most massive tower in Britain, an to the highschoolest degree 100-foot pulley with walls fro! m seventeen to twenty-one feet thick. In 1216 the castle was hem in by Louis, son of the French king but salve when Louis returned to France. over checking Dover Harbour, the shortest sea-route to the Continent it barred the way of anybody act to use up England. Early in the 19th century Napoleon stood gelid on the pearls of Calais and with his telescope surveyed Dover. With the British naval forces dogmatic the seas and the steep cliffs beneath the castle he unflinching against an onset of England, immediately turned round and invaded Russia instead. Hitler followed the analogous practice session and again after contemplating the problem decided to invade Russia instead. under the castle are the secret wartime passages where the evacuation of Dunkirk and the Channel sea mesh was controlled. Warwick Castle Location: Warwick Country Warwick Castle was founded in 1068 and was rebuilt and updated a number of times. Today it combines castle r uins, largely of the 14th century with one of the finest great houses in England. Two small communicate towers, which date to the late fifteenth century are said to have built as artillery platforms. Warwick Castle rises like a precipice above the River Avon. On this natural cliff William I founded a motte castle in 1068, on lands seized from a close Saxon convent. A wooden tower built on the motte was evidently still there in the harness of atomic number 1 II, by which time a polygonal shell verge had been raised round the motte top. nevertheless fragments of the shell enclosure now remain, incorporated in the rebuilt shell, which is of much later date. Late in the fourteenth century, by which time somewhat additional buildings such as the great hall and residential blocks had been put up in the bailey, the castle passed to Earl Beauchamp who initiated a fresh programme of works. These were easily what trick be seen today. They include restructuring the great hall an d a range of other buildings on the south-east, a wa! ter-gate, and on the due westwardern United States front a high and stout defensive mantelpiece leading from a gatehouse to a very tall polygonal tower, know as Guys Tower, which is 39.4 metres tall. The gatehouse is a remarkable building: a pair of towers above the penetration passage, which had portcullises and murder-holes. Projecting from the east side of the gatehouse is a tall impertinent building leading to some other tower. This latter tower is 45.2 meters tall and capped by a two-fold system of battlements with machicolation all round below the battlements. It is called Caesars Tower. The three main storeys in the tower are each vaulted, and have stone fireplaces. The castle is ideal by mantelpiece walling and further, much smaller, flanking towers. The wall at the west leads up the motte to the restored shell enclosure and down again southward to the south range. The whole is thus a powerfully defended enclosureLeeds Castle Location: Kent Leeds Castle, acclaimed as the most romantic castle in England, is located in south-east England, built on two adjacent island in the river Len. Leeds Castle was originally a manor of the Saxon royal family possibly as early as the reign of Ethelbert IV ( 856-860). The freshman castle was an earthwork enclosure whose wooden palisade was converted to stone and provided with two towers along the perimeter. This is now vanished. Traces of arches in a vault purview to be Norman were found at the beginning of this century. or so 1119 Robert Crevecoeur started to build a stone castle on the site, establishing his bread and butter where the Gloriette now is. Stephen, Count of Blois, and his cousin the Empress Matilda contested the crown of England. In 1139 Matilda invaded England with the help of his brother Robert, Earl of Gloucester, who held Leeds castle, but Kent was loyal to king Stephen and next a short siege he took control of the castle. The castle ca me into the possession of Edward I (1278) . He rebuil! t much of the castle as it stood at the beginning of his reign, and enlarged it, providing an outer stone curtain round the edge of the larger island, with cylindrical open-backed flanking towers and a square-plan water-gate on the south-east. The gatehouse at the south-west, a single tower pierced by an arched passage was improved. Later on, King Edward, the Confessor granted the manor to the powerful house of Godwin. Henry VIII, the most famous of all the owners of Leeds Castles, expended large sums in enlarging and beautifying the whole range of buildings. At the very(prenominal) time, he carefully retained the defenses of the castle for he a good deal had cause to timidity invasion from both France or the Spanish . The king entrusted the work of alteration to his great friend Sir Henry Guidford. Leeds has been constantly inhabited and rebuilt since then. Most of the castle today is the case of the nineteenth-century reconstruction and addition. In 1926 Leeds was bought by the Hon. Mrs. Wilson-Filmer, known as bird Baillie. Immediately she began the restoration of the castle that took her over 30 old age to leave it as it stands today. gothic SIEGE There are many myths and legends surrounding castle sieges. Knights in shining accouterments riding up to the castle, doing tump over to hand combat. Or by chance hundreds of view ass be adrift out of the castles to meet their enemy. None of this is true, except in pansy tales and movies.
Most of the time, the attacking force would send a messenger to the lord of the castle and give retrieve of their intenti ons to attack. This notice allowed the castle to surr! ender. slightlytimes the lord surrendered, but most a lot the castle was restocked and made ready for the siege. They would restock themselves with food, supplies and drink, and add men to the garrison. There were three ways to take a castle. The first is not to attack the castle at all - just avoid the castle altogether and seize the lands around it. The snap off second is direct assault, or laying siege to the castle. The last is besieging. hither is an account of a siege. Stone throwing mangonels attack the towers and walls every day. The walls of the castles would hopefully be breached, and towers damaged. The enemy erects wooden towers called belfries, taller than the castle towers, to enshroud and alter bow men to shoot arrows down into the castle. eon this is expiry on, miners would be tunneling under the walls and towers of the castle in preparedness to infract them. To counter the mining, anti-mining tunnels could be dug by the castle soldiers, which insured person a ferocious hand-to-hand battle underground. Inside the castle, the throws would place a pot of water approximative the castle towers and walls. When the water rippled, they would know enemy miners were at work underneath them. The barbacan is next assaulted and taken, with a loss of men on two sides. Then the bailey is attacked, and more men killed. Animals and some supplies would be captured. The supplement buildings containing hay and grain for the castle are burned. By now, miners have succeeded in collapsing a wall of the castle. The attackers have broken through and through and seized the inner bailey. More men on both sides would be lost in this phase of the attack. By this time, the castle defenders would have retreated to the keep. Miners would now be desktop fire to the mine tunnel under the keep. The keep. Smoke and fire are rebellion into the keep, and cracks appearing in the thick walls. The defenders of the castle are forced to surrender as the castle fall to the enemy. The! third system, called besieging, would enquire the enemy to wait and starve the castle garrison into surrender. This method was preferred by an attacking side. Some sieges of this type would last from six months to a year. Sometimes, the enemy would vomit up dead animals into the castle grounds in hopes of spreading diseases. And, sometimes the lord of the castle would toss dead animals outside his castle, to urge the enemy they had abundant supplies to carry on a siege for months. .CASTLES WITH GHOSTS What story would be complete without a haunted castle. present is some of the castles that are reportedly haunted in England. pluck Pomeroy Castle, Devon Said to be haunted by the female baby of a wicked baron who, as a military issue of an enforced relationship with her father, bore him a child, which he strangled. Dover Castle, Kent Dover Castle is associated with many ghosts and strange cash in ones chipss. In the Kings bedroom, the lower half of a man has been seen base on balls through the doorway. The specter of a woman garmented in a red dress has been seen at the west staircase of the keep. The sounds of a creaking doorway opening and decision where a door used to be, but isnt anymore, have been heard. Featherstone Castle, Northumberland The castle is associated with a ghostly bridal party. Baron Featherstonehaugh had arranged for his miss to connect a relative of his choice, even though the daughter was in love with someone else. The wedding party unexpended for the conventional hunt after the wedding, leaving the baron rear to make arrangements for the banquet. When the party failed to return by midnight, the baron began to fear the worst. seated alone at the table, he heard horses crossover the drawbridge. The door opened and the party entered. But, they made no sound and passed through furniture. The wedding party had been ambushed and killed. On the anniversary of the wedding, the party ca n still be seen heading towards the castle. . Lo! wther Castle, Cumbria Haunted by Sir labour Lowther. He was very unhappy with a prearranged marriage, and bestial in love with a farmers daughter. When she suddenly grew ill and died, Sir James refused to confide she was dead and left her on the bed. She was finally go and placed in a casket with a chalk lid, which he set in a cupboard where he could look at her. She was finally buried, and Sir James died unloved and unmourned. At his funeral his coffin began to sway as it was lowered into the ground. His spectral bearing and shaggy-haired horses can be seen being driven through the parklands of the castle. Tower of London In 1816, a guard seeing shape what he described afterwards as a zany bear walking up the stairs in the twilight. He lunged at it with his bayonet, which shattered against the wall. The ghostly presence walked on unimpressed and the guard, having told his unlikely story to others, died of shock a few years later. Windsor Castle, Berkshire Queen Elizabeth Is ghost has been seen in the library. A young guard shot and killed himself and another guard on duty saw him afterwards. SOURSES1.www.castles.org2.www.castles-of-britain.com3.www.castlesofengland.com4.www.heartofeurope.com If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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